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Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
$21.34
Book
“This is a strikingly original, thoroughly researched study of the conquest and administration of the vast region of Xinjiang under the Qing empire. It is an outstanding work that deserves wide attention from all readers interested in modern Chinese history. Millward opens a field almost completely unexplored in Western scholarship and presents new conclusions that reshape our vision of modern China.”
Peter C. Perdue, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Beyond the Pass examines the fiscal and ethnic policies that underlay Qing imperial control over Xinjiang, a Central Asian region that now comprises the westernmost sixth of the People’s Republic of China. By focusing on a region of the Qing empire beyond the borders of China proper, and by treating the empire not as a Chinese dynasty but in its broader context as an Inner Asian political entity, this innovative study fills a gap in Western-language historiography of late imperial China.
As analysis of the revenue available to Qing garrisons in Xinjiang reveals, imperial control over the region in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries depended upon sizeable yearly subsidies from China. In an effort to satisfy criticism of their expansion into Xinjiang and make the territory pay for itself, the Qing court permitted local authorities great latitude in fiscal matters and encouraged the presence of Han and Chinese Muslim merchants. At the same time, the court recognized the potential for unrest posed by Chinese mercantile penetration of this Muslim, Turkic-speaking area. They consequently attempted, through administrative and legal means, to defend the native Uyghur population against economic depredation. This ethnic policy reflected a conception of the realm that was not Sinocentric, but rather placed the Uyghur on a par with Han Chinese.
Both this ethnic policy and Xinjiang’s place in the realm shifted following a series of invasions from western Turkestan starting in the 1820s. Because of the economic importance of Chinese merchants and the efficacy of merchant militia in Xinjiang, the Qing court revised its policies in their favor, for the first time allowing permanent Han settlement in the area. At the same time, the court began to advocate provincehood and the Sinicization of Xinjiang as a resolution to the perennial security problem. These shifts, the author argues, marked the beginning of a reconception of China to include Inner Asian lands and peoples – a notion that would, by the twentieth century, become a deeply held tenet of Chinese nationalism.
James A. Millward is Associate Professor of History at Georgetown University.
Cover illustration is from a bilingual edition of the Qianlong Atlas, c. 1175, based on the map drawn by Father Benoist. This detail of the region around Jiayu Guan is used courtesy of the British Library (India Office records Map collection x/3265/1-10, roll 10).
This is a reproduction edition from a scanned copy of the original 1998 publication. You can find more reproductions editions from Stanford University Press on QOOP.com.
Contents
LANDMARKS 20
The Lay of the Land 21 The Historical Terrain 25 High Qing 36
FINANCING NEW DOMINION 44
Planting the Frontier 50 Local Sources of Revenue 52 Merchant 72
Xinjiang Military Deployment 77 Tea and the Beginnings 91
Proper 91 The Southern Commissaries 92 The Qing and the Silk 101
Sancheng Goes Too Far 105 Nayancengs TeaTax Plan 106 109
CHINESE MERCANTILE PENETRATION 113
The OpenGuan Policy 114 135
The Southern March 138 Manchu Cities or Chinese Cities? 149
QING ETHNIC POLICY AND CHINESE MERCHANTS 194
TOWARD THE DOMESTICATION OF EMPIRE 232
CHARACTER LIST 255
NOTES 261
BIBLIOGRAPHY 315
INDEX 343
The Yili military complex c 1809 78 6
Hutterian Bretheren : The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People
$19.66
Book
Hutterian Brethren
The Agricultural Economy and Social Organization of a Communal People
John W. Bennett
The Hutterian Brethren, an Anabaptist sect that practices strict communal living based on religious principles, is here studies through a detailed examination of six colonies in southwestern Saskatchewan. Unlike the Amish (also an Anabaptist group although only partly communal), the Hutterians do not reject modern technology. Organized in colonies of 130 to 150 people on communal farms, they have flourished economically in the forbidding natural environment of the Great Plains area.
The author’s objectives are to show how one group of typical colonies found their land, established their agricultural economy, and worked out relations with the local inhabitants, and to discover why they Hutterites have been so successful. Among the topics discussed are family and kinship, instrumental organization, agricultural management and decision-making, methods of production, and patterns of change in Hutterian society and technology.
Of special interest is the comparison of the Hutterian colony and the Israeli Kibbutz as examples of enduring communal societies.
John W. Bennett is Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at Washington University, St. Louis.
This is a reproduction edition from a scanned copy of the original work (ISBN 080470144X). You can find more reproduction works from Stanford University Press at QOOP.com.
The Bread Line
image
This image was taken in a grocery store during the week that I purchased my Nikon D40x in 2007. When the economy turned in 2008, I brought this image into the limelight with a title and post treatment to give it a look of antiquity in modern times.
