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The International City of Tangier
$20.35
Book
This is a reproduction edition of the 1931 publication of this work.
THE World War, which served as a last resource to cut the Gordian knot of tangled international relations, solved many of the difficult problems of diplomacy. The settlement itself, however, raised others of a different character and equally difficult of solution.
The map of Europe redrawn to satisfy the needs of a burgeoning nationalism raised almost impossible situations to torment the well-meaning makers of a new world. Justice rarely follows as a corollary of force, and statesmen learned to their dismay that history may easily lend itself to opposite theses. A league of nations was wisely set up, a league handicapped necessarily by a heritage of difficult problems with which only an impartial and well-knit organization could hope to deal.
Among the most difficult of these problems was that of international administration. The territories taken from Turkey and Germany had to be dealt with in a spirit different from that of conquests of the past. Minorities had to be protected, international rivers had to be kept free from local control, and certain areas like the Saar Basin and Danzig could only be administered by some sort of neutral agency. These problems were attacked and many have already been settled. But the ultimate success of international administration can be determined only after a long and fair trial. Yet the measurement of success or failure is after all largely relative and can be best approximated by a comparison of somewhat similar situations. With this in mind it should be of value in considering the problem of international administration to study experiments which have already been made.
A number of examples immediately come to the mind of the investigator, especially public international unions, such as the postal and telegraph unions, the International Institute of Agriculture, the Pan-American Union, the Danube River Commission, and others of similar character. But of a decidedly more political nature and therefore furnishing much more difficult problems are the international administrative areas of Shanghai and Tangier. Here we find problems of an international character which by their very nature have induced systems of international control. Each area has presented its problems for a considerable period of time and neither set of solutions is yet entirely satisfactory.
It has been the purpose of this study to consider the entire problem presented by Tangier, perhaps the oldest and most difficult problem of international administration. It is evident at the outset that such a problem can be considered properly only after a careful investigation into its historical background. For that reason an effort has been made to explore the situation first from the standpoints of geography, history, and diplomacy. With this as a foundation it has been possible to study the gradual development of the international control and to picture its present functioning.
To obtain the proper perspective the writer thought it necessary to examine as far as possible all the material which has hitherto appeared on the subject in the three countries most concerned - France, Spain, and Great Britain. Coincident with this examination the writer discussed the question with various officials of these governments to obtain a personal impression of the present attitude. Finally, he spent a considerable time upon the spot in order to estimate fairly the problem and to form a more accurate appreciation of success in its solution.
This is a reproduction edition from a scanned copy of the original work:
Title: The International City of Tangier
Author: Graham H. Stuart
Publisher: Stanford University Press 1931
ISBN: 0804743438
Politics and the Military in Modern Spain
$28.93
Book
The Spanish military have been deeply involved in politics for a century and a half, from the end of the Napoleonic Wars through the long rule of Francisco Franco that followed the Spanish Civil War. This is the first full-scale study in any language of the relation of the military to Spanish politics, government, and public issues in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The key period 1917-39 is given special attention.
The military first intervened in domestic affairs in the early nineteenth century when neither the traditional monarchy nor the new liberal regime proved able to govern. The Army has played a crucial role note because of its efficiency or its leaders' wisdom, but simply because of its capacity to impose decisions on the intense, seemingly insoluble, factional struggles of Spanish politics.
Though the focus of the book is on political relations, the military role of the Army is also considered, with emphasis upon such leading political generals as Weyler and Primo de Rivera. Certain standard ideas about the causes, nature, and objectives of military activity in politics are revised, and new data are presented on the military conspiracy of 1936 and the Civil War of 1936-39.
Stanley G. Payne is Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the author of Falange: A History of Spanis Fascism.
This is a reproduction edition from a scanned copy of the following original edition:
Politics and the military in modern Spain
Stanley G. Payne
Stanford University Press, 1967
ISBN 0804701288, 9780804701280
574 pages
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